tar-compression
installsforks
How to install tar-compression?
chaterm/terminal-skills/tar-compression
$npx -y skills add chaterm/terminal-skills --skill tar-compression归档与压缩
SKILL.md
| 1 | # 归档与压缩 |
| 2 | |
| 3 | ## 概述 |
| 4 | tar/gzip/xz 归档压缩、分卷备份技能。 |
| 5 | |
| 6 | ## tar 基础 |
| 7 | |
| 8 | ### 创建归档 |
| 9 | ```bash |
| 10 | # 创建 tar 归档 |
| 11 | tar -cvf archive.tar /path/to/dir |
| 12 | |
| 13 | # 创建并 gzip 压缩 |
| 14 | tar -czvf archive.tar.gz /path/to/dir |
| 15 | |
| 16 | # 创建并 bzip2 压缩 |
| 17 | tar -cjvf archive.tar.bz2 /path/to/dir |
| 18 | |
| 19 | # 创建并 xz 压缩 |
| 20 | tar -cJvf archive.tar.xz /path/to/dir |
| 21 | |
| 22 | # 多个目录/文件 |
| 23 | tar -czvf archive.tar.gz dir1 dir2 file1.txt |
| 24 | ``` |
| 25 | |
| 26 | ### 解压归档 |
| 27 | ```bash |
| 28 | # 解压 tar |
| 29 | tar -xvf archive.tar |
| 30 | |
| 31 | # 解压 gzip |
| 32 | tar -xzvf archive.tar.gz |
| 33 | |
| 34 | # 解压 bzip2 |
| 35 | tar -xjvf archive.tar.bz2 |
| 36 | |
| 37 | # 解压 xz |
| 38 | tar -xJvf archive.tar.xz |
| 39 | |
| 40 | # 解压到指定目录 |
| 41 | tar -xzvf archive.tar.gz -C /target/dir |
| 42 | ``` |
| 43 | |
| 44 | ### 查看内容 |
| 45 | ```bash |
| 46 | # 列出内容 |
| 47 | tar -tvf archive.tar |
| 48 | tar -tzvf archive.tar.gz |
| 49 | |
| 50 | # 搜索文件 |
| 51 | tar -tzvf archive.tar.gz | grep "filename" |
| 52 | ``` |
| 53 | |
| 54 | ### 常用选项 |
| 55 | ```bash |
| 56 | # 排除文件/目录 |
| 57 | tar -czvf archive.tar.gz --exclude='*.log' --exclude='cache' /path |
| 58 | |
| 59 | # 从文件读取排除列表 |
| 60 | tar -czvf archive.tar.gz --exclude-from=exclude.txt /path |
| 61 | |
| 62 | # 保留权限 |
| 63 | tar -czvf archive.tar.gz --preserve-permissions /path |
| 64 | |
| 65 | # 增量备份 |
| 66 | tar -czvf archive.tar.gz --newer='2024-01-01' /path |
| 67 | ``` |
| 68 | |
| 69 | ## 压缩工具 |
| 70 | |
| 71 | ### gzip |
| 72 | ```bash |
| 73 | # 压缩 |
| 74 | gzip file.txt # 生成 file.txt.gz，删除原文件 |
| 75 | gzip -k file.txt # 保留原文件 |
| 76 | gzip -9 file.txt # 最高压缩率 |
| 77 | |
| 78 | # 解压 |
| 79 | gunzip file.txt.gz |
| 80 | gzip -d file.txt.gz |
| 81 | |
| 82 | # 查看压缩文件 |
| 83 | zcat file.txt.gz |
| 84 | zless file.txt.gz |
| 85 | zgrep "pattern" file.txt.gz |
| 86 | ``` |
| 87 | |
| 88 | ### bzip2 |
| 89 | ```bash |
| 90 | # 压缩 |
| 91 | bzip2 file.txt |
| 92 | bzip2 -k file.txt # 保留原文件 |
| 93 | bzip2 -9 file.txt # 最高压缩率 |
| 94 | |
| 95 | # 解压 |
| 96 | bunzip2 file.txt.bz2 |
| 97 | bzip2 -d file.txt.bz2 |
| 98 | |
| 99 | # 查看 |
| 100 | bzcat file.txt.bz2 |
| 101 | ``` |
| 102 | |
| 103 | ### xz |
| 104 | ```bash |
| 105 | # 压缩 |
| 106 | xz file.txt |
| 107 | xz -k file.txt # 保留原文件 |
| 108 | xz -9 file.txt # 最高压缩率 |
| 109 | xz -T 4 file.txt # 多线程 |
| 110 | |
| 111 | # 解压 |
| 112 | unxz file.txt.xz |
| 113 | xz -d file.txt.xz |
| 114 | |
| 115 | # 查看 |
| 116 | xzcat file.txt.xz |
| 117 | ``` |
| 118 | |
| 119 | ### zstd |
| 120 | ```bash |
| 121 | # 压缩 |
| 122 | zstd file.txt |
| 123 | zstd -19 file.txt # 最高压缩率 |
| 124 | zstd -T0 file.txt # 自动多线程 |
| 125 | |
| 126 | # 解压 |
| 127 | unzstd file.txt.zst |
| 128 | zstd -d file.txt.zst |
| 129 | ``` |
| 130 | |
| 131 | ## 分卷备份 |
| 132 | |
| 133 | ### split 分割 |
| 134 | ```bash |
| 135 | # 按大小分割 |
| 136 | split -b 100M archive.tar.gz archive.tar.gz.part_ |
| 137 | |
| 138 | # 按行分割 |
| 139 | split -l 10000 largefile.txt part_ |
| 140 | |
| 141 | # 合并 |
| 142 | cat archive.tar.gz.part_* > archive.tar.gz |
| 143 | ``` |
| 144 | |
| 145 | ### tar 分卷 |
| 146 | ```bash |
| 147 | # 创建分卷 |
| 148 | tar -czvf - /path/to/dir | split -b 100M - backup.tar.gz.part_ |
| 149 | |
| 150 | # 解压分卷 |
| 151 | cat backup.tar.gz.part_* | tar -xzvf - |
| 152 | ``` |
| 153 | |
| 154 | ## 常见场景 |
| 155 | |
| 156 | ### 场景 1：网站备份 |
| 157 | ```bash |
| 158 | #!/bin/bash |
| 159 | DATE=$(date +%Y%m%d) |
| 160 | BACKUP_DIR="/backup" |
| 161 | WEB_DIR="/var/www/html" |
| 162 | |
| 163 | # 创建备份 |
| 164 | tar -czvf ${BACKUP_DIR}/web_${DATE}.tar.gz \ |
| 165 | --exclude='*.log' \ |
| 166 | --exclude='cache/*' \ |
| 167 | ${WEB_DIR} |
| 168 | |
| 169 | # 保留最近 7 天 |
| 170 | find ${BACKUP_DIR} -name "web_*.tar.gz" -mtime +7 -delete |
| 171 | ``` |
| 172 | |
| 173 | ### 场景 2：数据库备份压缩 |
| 174 | ```bash |
| 175 | # MySQL |
| 176 | mysqldump -u root -p database | gzip > db_backup.sql.gz |
| 177 | |
| 178 | # 解压恢复 |
| 179 | gunzip < db_backup.sql.gz | mysql -u root -p database |
| 180 | |
| 181 | # PostgreSQL |
| 182 | pg_dump database | xz > db_backup.sql.xz |
| 183 | ``` |
| 184 | |
| 185 | ### 场景 3：增量备份 |
| 186 | ```bash |
| 187 | #!/bin/bash |
| 188 | SNAPSHOT="/backup/snapshot.snar" |
| 189 | BACKUP_DIR="/backup" |
| 190 | SOURCE="/data" |
| 191 | |
| 192 | # 完整备份（首次） |
| 193 | tar -czvf ${BACKUP_DIR}/full.tar.gz -g ${SNAPSHOT} ${SOURCE} |
| 194 | |
| 195 | # 增量备份 |
| 196 | tar -czvf ${BACKUP_DIR}/incr_$(date +%Y%m%d).tar.gz -g ${SNAPSHOT} ${SOURCE} |
| 197 | ``` |
| 198 | |
| 199 | ### 场景 4：远程备份 |
| 200 | ```bash |
| 201 | # 本地压缩后传输 |
| 202 | tar -czvf - /path/to/dir | ssh user@remote "cat > /backup/archive.tar.gz" |
| 203 | |
| 204 | # 远程压缩 |
| 205 | ssh user@remote "tar -czvf - /path/to/dir" > local_backup.tar.gz |
| 206 | ``` |
| 207 | |
| 208 | ## 压缩对比 |
| 209 | |
| 210 | | 格式 | 压缩率 | 速度 | 内存 | 适用场景 | |
| 211 | |------|--------|------|------|----------| |
| 212 | | gzip | 中 | 快 | 低 | 日常备份 | |
| 213 | | bzip2 | 高 | 慢 | 中 | 归档存储 | |
| 214 | | xz | 最高 | 最慢 | 高 | 长期存储 | |
| 215 | | zstd | 高 | 快 | 中 | 现代备份 | |
| 216 | |
| 217 | ## 故障排查 |
| 218 | |
| 219 | | 问题 | 排查方法 | |
| 220 | |------|----------| |
| 221 | | 解压失败 | 检查文件完整性、格式 | |
| 222 | | 空间不足 | 使用管道、分卷 | |
| 223 | | 权限丢失 | 使用 --preserve-permissions | |
| 224 | | 文件损坏 | 使用 gzip -t 测试 | |
| 225 | |
| 226 | ```bash |
| 227 | # 测试压缩文件 |
| 228 | gzip -t file.gz |
| 229 | bzip2 -t file.bz2 |
| 230 | xz -t file.xz |
| 231 | |
| 232 | # 修复损坏的 gzip |
| 233 | gzrecover file.gz |
| 234 | |
| 235 | # 查看压缩信息 |
| 236 | gzip -l file.gz |
| 237 | ``` |
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