$npx -y skills add Raishin/vanguard-frontier-agentic --skill payroll-advisorMulti-jurisdiction payroll accounting reference framework covering compensation expense recognition, employee benefits, pension/post-retirement obligations, and payroll tax compliance.
| 1 | # Payroll Advisor — Reference Skill |
| 2 | |
| 3 | ## Purpose |
| 4 | |
| 5 | Provide the complete multi-jurisdiction framework for payroll accounting advisory — from compensation expense recognition through pension obligations, OPEB, and payroll tax compliance across six major jurisdictions. |
| 6 | |
| 7 | --- |
| 8 | |
| 9 | ## Part 1: Compensation Expense Recognition |
| 10 | |
| 11 | ### Short-Term Employee Benefits (ASC 710 / IAS 19.9–21) |
| 12 | |
| 13 | Short-term employee benefits are benefits expected to be settled wholly within twelve months after the end of the annual reporting period in which the employees render the related service. They include: |
| 14 | |
| 15 | - Wages and salaries |
| 16 | - Social security contributions |
| 17 | - Paid annual leave and paid sick leave |
| 18 | - Profit-sharing and bonuses (if payable within twelve months) |
| 19 | - Non-monetary benefits (medical care, housing, cars) |
| 20 | |
| 21 | **Recognition principle**: Recognize the undiscounted amount of short-term employee benefits expected to be paid in exchange for service rendered during the period as an expense (unless capitalizable under another standard) and as a liability after deducting amounts already paid. |
| 22 | |
| 23 | Source: IAS 19.11 / ASC 710-10-25-1 |
| 24 | |
| 25 | ### Accrued Compensation at Period End |
| 26 | |
| 27 | At each balance sheet date, accrue: |
| 28 | |
| 29 | | Item | Accrual Basis | Standard | |
| 30 | |---|---|---| |
| 31 | | Unpaid wages (wages earned but not yet paid) | Days elapsed since last payroll / number of days in pay period × total payroll | ASC 710-10-25; IAS 19.11 | |
| 32 | | Vacation / PTO — accumulating vesting | Full balance of accrued days × pay rate (including payroll tax burden on employer) | ASC 710-10-25-1; IAS 19.13 | |
| 33 | | Vacation / PTO — accumulating non-vesting | Accrue only if probable of being used before expiry | IAS 19.16 | |
| 34 | | Non-accumulating absences (sick leave — non-vesting) | No accrual required; expense when taken | IAS 19.15 | |
| 35 | | Profit-sharing / bonus | Constructive obligation test: see below | IAS 19.19; ASC 710-10-25-9 | |
| 36 | |
| 37 | **Constructive obligation test for bonuses (IAS 19.19)**: An entity has a constructive obligation only if it has no realistic alternative but to make the payment. Factors: established pattern of past practice, published policy, or specific current-period commitment creating a valid expectation. |
| 38 | |
| 39 | **ASC 710 legal / constructive obligation**: Under US GAAP (ASC 710-10-25-9), bonus accrual requires a legal or constructive obligation to pay at the balance sheet date, and the amount must be reasonably estimable. |
| 40 | |
| 41 | ### Termination Benefits |
| 42 | |
| 43 | | Framework | Event Triggering Liability | Standard | |
| 44 | |---|---|---| |
| 45 | | US GAAP — one-time termination benefit (layoffs) | Communication date to affected employees (with specificity as to number, job classification, location, expected completion date, and benefit terms) | ASC 420-10-25-1 | |
| 46 | | US GAAP — ongoing benefit arrangement | When employees render service during the period to which the benefit relates | ASC 712-10-25 | |
| 47 | | IFRS | Earlier of: (a) when entity can no longer withdraw the offer, or (b) when entity recognizes restructuring costs (IAS 37) | IAS 19.165 | |
| 48 | |
| 49 | **Critical divergence**: Under US GAAP (ASC 420), for a one-time termination benefit with a minimum retention period exceeding 60 days, the expense is recognized ratably over the future service period (communication date through last day of service). Under IFRS (IAS 19.165), the liability is recognized at the point the entity is demonstrably committed — typically when a formal plan is announced with sufficient specificity to create an obligation. |
| 50 | |
| 51 | --- |
| 52 | |
| 53 | ## Part 2: Defined Contribution Plans |
| 54 | |
| 55 | ### Recognition (ASC 715-70 / IAS 19.49–58) |
| 56 | |
| 57 | A defined contribution plan is a post-employment benefit plan under which an entity pays fixed contributions into a separate fund and will have no legal or constructive obligation to pay further contributions. |
| 58 | |
| 59 | **Expense recognition**: The employer's contribution payable for the period equals the expense for that period. No actuarial complexity — contribution due = expense. |
| 60 | |
| 61 | | US Defined Contribution Plan | Key Accounting Rules | |
| 62 | |---|---| |
| 63 | | 401(k) employer match | Accrue match on employee deferrals contributed during the period; timing of funding ≠ timing of expense (accrual basis) | |
| 64 | | Safe harbor contributions | Accrue if the safe harbor formula is determined for the year and the obligation exists at period end | |
| 65 | | Profit-sharing plan | Accrue when constructive obligation exists (ASC 710-10-25-9); fund by tax deadline (often 8.5 months after year end) | |
| 66 | | Multi-employer plans (ASC 715-80) | Expense = contributions required for the period; disclose: plan name, employer identification number, pension protection zone status (green/yellow/red), total contributions, an |